# Copyright (c) 2002, 2003, 2005, 2006 Allan Saddi <allan@saddi.com>
# All rights reserved.
#
# Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
# modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
# are met:
# 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
# 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
# notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
# documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
#
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
# ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
# IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
# ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
# FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
# DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
# OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
# HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
# LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
# OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
# SUCH DAMAGE.
#
# $Id$
"""
fcgi - a FastCGI/WSGI gateway.
For more information about FastCGI, see <http://www.fastcgi.com/>.
For more information about the Web Server Gateway Interface, see
<http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0333.html>.
Example usage:
#!/usr/bin/env python
from myapplication import app # Assume app is your WSGI application object
from fcgi import WSGIServer
WSGIServer(app).run()
See the documentation for WSGIServer/Server for more information.
On most platforms, fcgi will fallback to regular CGI behavior if run in a
non-FastCGI context. If you want to force CGI behavior, set the environment
variable FCGI_FORCE_CGI to "Y" or "y".
"""
__author__ = 'Allan Saddi <allan@saddi.com>'
__version__ = '$Revision$'
import sys
import os
import signal
import struct
import cStringIO as StringIO
import select
import socket
import errno
import traceback
try:
import thread
import threading
thread_available = True
except ImportError:
import dummy_thread as thread
import dummy_threading as threading
thread_available = False
# Apparently 2.3 doesn't define SHUT_WR? Assume it is 1 in this case.
if not hasattr(socket, 'SHUT_WR'):
socket.SHUT_WR = 1
__all__ = ['WSGIServer']
# Constants from the spec.
FCGI_LISTENSOCK_FILENO = 0
FCGI_HEADER_LEN = 8
FCGI_VERSION_1 = 1
FCGI_BEGIN_REQUEST = 1
FCGI_ABORT_REQUEST = 2
FCGI_END_REQUEST = 3
FCGI_PARAMS = 4
FCGI_STDIN = 5
FCGI_STDOUT = 6
FCGI_STDERR = 7
FCGI_DATA = 8
FCGI_GET_VALUES = 9
FCGI_GET_VALUES_RESULT = 10
FCGI_UNKNOWN_TYPE = 11
FCGI_MAXTYPE = FCGI_UNKNOWN_TYPE
FCGI_NULL_REQUEST_ID = 0
FCGI_KEEP_CONN = 1
FCGI_RESPONDER = 1
FCGI_AUTHORIZER = 2
FCGI_FILTER = 3
FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE = 0
FCGI_CANT_MPX_CONN = 1
FCGI_OVERLOADED = 2
FCGI_UNKNOWN_ROLE = 3
FCGI_MAX_CONNS = 'FCGI_MAX_CONNS'
FCGI_MAX_REQS = 'FCGI_MAX_REQS'
FCGI_MPXS_CONNS = 'FCGI_MPXS_CONNS'
FCGI_Header = '!BBHHBx'
FCGI_BeginRequestBody = '!HB5x'
FCGI_EndRequestBody = '!LB3x'
FCGI_UnknownTypeBody = '!B7x'
FCGI_EndRequestBody_LEN = struct.calcsize(FCGI_EndRequestBody)
FCGI_UnknownTypeBody_LEN = struct.calcsize(FCGI_UnknownTypeBody)
if __debug__:
import time
# Set non-zero to write debug output to a file.
DEBUG = 0
DEBUGLOG = '/tmp/fcgi.log'
def _debug(level, msg):
if DEBUG < level:
return
try:
f = open(DEBUGLOG, 'a')
f.write('%sfcgi: %s\n' % (time.ctime()[4:-4], msg))
f.close()
except:
pass
class InputStream(object):
"""
File-like object representing FastCGI input streams (FCGI_STDIN and
FCGI_DATA). Supports the minimum methods required by WSGI spec.
"""
def __init__(self, conn):
self._conn = conn
# See Server.
self._shrinkThreshold = conn.server.inputStreamShrinkThreshold
self._buf = ''
self._bufList = []
self._pos = 0 # Current read position.
self._avail = 0 # Number of bytes currently available.
self._eof = False # True when server has sent EOF notification.
def _shrinkBuffer(self):
"""Gets rid of already read data (since we can't rewind)."""
if self._pos >= self._shrinkThreshold:
self._buf = self._buf[self._pos:]
self._avail -= self._pos
self._pos = 0
assert self._avail >= 0
def _waitForData(self):
"""Waits for more data to become available."""
self._conn.process_input()
def read(self, n=-1):
if self._pos == self._avail and self._eof:
return ''
while True:
if n < 0 or (self._avail - self._pos) < n:
# Not enough data available.
if self._eof:
# And there's no more coming.
newPos = self._avail
break
else:
# Wait for more data.
self._waitForData()
continue
else:
newPos = self._pos + n
break
# Merge buffer list, if necessary.
if self._bufList:
self._buf += ''.join(self._bufList)
self._bufList = []
r = self._buf[self._pos:newPos]
self._pos = newPos
self._shrinkBuffer()
return r
def readline(self, length=None):
if self._pos == self._avail and self._eof:
return ''
while True:
# Unfortunately, we need to merge the buffer list early.
if self._bufList:
self._buf += ''.join(self._bufList)
self._bufList = []
# Find newline.
i = self._buf.find('\n', self._pos)
if i < 0:
# Not found?
if self._eof:
# No more data coming.
newPos = self._avail
break
else:
# Wait for more to come.
self._waitForData()
continue
else:
newPos = i + 1
break
if length is not None:
if self._pos + length < newPos:
newPos = self._pos + length
r = self._buf[self._pos:newPos]
self._pos = newPos
self._shrinkBuffer()
return r
def readlines(self, sizehint=0):
total = 0
lines = []
line = self.readline()
while line:
lines.append(line)
total += len(line)
if 0 < sizehint <= total:
break
line = self.readline()
return lines
def __iter__(self):
return self
def next(self):
r = self.readline()
if not r:
raise StopIteration
return r
def add_data(self, data):
if not data:
self._eof = True
else:
self._bufList.append(data)
self._avail += len(data)
class MultiplexedInputStream(InputStream):
"""
A version of InputStream meant to be used with MultiplexedConnections.
Assumes the MultiplexedConnection (the producer) and the Request
(the consumer) are running in different threads.
"""
def __init__(self, conn):
super(MultiplexedInputStream, self).__init__(conn)
# Arbitrates access to this InputStream (it's used simultaneously
# by a Request and its owning Connection object).
lock = threading.RLock()
# Notifies Request thread that there is new data available.
self._lock = threading.Condition(lock)
def _waitForData(self):
# Wait for notification from add_data().
self._lock.wait()
def read(self, n=-1):
self._lock.acquire()
try:
return super(MultiplexedInputStream, self).read(n)
finally:
self._lock.release()
def readline(self, length=None):
self._lock.acquire()
try:
return super(MultiplexedInputStream, self).readline(length)
finally:
self._lock.release()
def add_data(self, data):
self._lock.acquire()
try:
super(MultiplexedInputStream, self).add_data(data)
self._lock.notify()
finally:
self._lock.release()
class OutputStream(object):
"""
FastCGI output stream (FCGI_STDOUT/FCGI_STDERR). By default, calls to
write() or writelines() immediately result in Records being sent back
to the server. Buffering should be done in a higher level!
"""
def __init__(self, conn, req, type, buffered=False):
self._conn = conn
self._req = req
self._type = type
self._buffered = buffered
self._bufList = [] # Used if buffered is True
self.dataWritten = False
self.closed = False
def _write(self, data):
length = len(data)
while length:
toWrite = min(length, self._req.server.maxwrite - FCGI_HEADER_LEN)
rec = Record(self._type, self._req.requestId)
rec.contentLength = toWrite
rec.contentData = data[:toWrite]
self._conn.writeRecord(rec)
data = data[toWrite:]
length -= toWrite
def write(self, data):
assert not self.closed
if not data:
return
self.dataWritten = True
if self._buffered:
self._bufList.append(data)
else:
self._write(data)
def writelines(self, lines):
assert not self.closed
for line in lines:
self.write(line)
def flush(self):
# Only need to flush if this OutputStream is actually buffered.
if self._buffered:
data = ''.join(self._bufList)
self._bufList = []
self._write(data)
# Though available, the following should NOT be called by WSGI apps.
def close(self):
"""Sends end-of-stream notification, if necessary."""
if not self.closed and self.dataWritten:
self.flush()
rec = Record(self._type, self._req.requestId)
self._conn.writeRecord(rec)
self.closed = True
class TeeOutputStream(object):
"""
Simple wrapper around two or more output file-like objects that copies
written data to all streams.
"""
def __init__(self, streamList):
self._streamList = streamList
def write(self, data):
for f in self._streamList:
f.write(data)
def writelines(self, lines):
for line in lines:
self.write(line)
def flush(self):
for f in self._streamList:
f.flush()
class StdoutWrapper(object):
"""
Wrapper for sys.stdout so we know if data has actually been written.
"""
def __init__(self, stdout):
self._file = stdout
self.dataWritten = False
def write(self, data):
if data:
self.dataWritten = True
self._file.write(data)
def writelines(self, lines):
for line in lines:
self.write(line)
def __getattr__(self, name):
return getattr(self._file, name)
def decode_pair(s, pos=0):
"""
Decodes a name/value pair.
The number of bytes decoded as well as the name/value pair
are returned.
"""
nameLength = ord(s[pos])
if nameLength & 128:
nameLength = struct.unpack('!L', s[pos:pos+4])[0] & 0x7fffffff
pos += 4
else:
pos += 1
valueLength = ord(s[pos])
if valueLength & 128:
valueLength = struct.unpack('!L', s[pos:pos+4])[0] & 0x7fffffff
pos += 4
else:
pos += 1
name = s[pos:pos+nameLength]
pos += nameLength
value = s[pos:pos+valueLength]
pos += valueLength
return (pos, (name, value))
def encode_pair(name, value):
"""
Encodes a name/value pair.
The encoded string is returned.
"""
nameLength = len(name)
if nameLength < 128:
s = chr(nameLength)
else:
s = struct.pack('!L', nameLength | 0x80000000L)
valueLength = len(value)
if valueLength < 128:
s += chr(valueLength)
else:
s += struct.pack('!L', valueLength | 0x80000000L)
return s + name + value
class Record(object):
"""
A FastCGI Record.
Used for encoding/decoding records.
"""
def __init__(self, type=FCGI_UNKNOWN_TYPE, requestId=FCGI_NULL_REQUEST_ID):
self.version = FCGI_VERSION_1
self.type = type
self.requestId = requestId
self.contentLength = 0
self.paddingLength = 0
self.contentData = ''
def _recvall(sock, length):
"""
Attempts to receive length bytes from a socket, blocking if necessary.
(Socket may be blocking or non-blocking.)
"""
dataList = []
recvLen = 0
while length:
try:
data = sock.recv(length)
except socket.error, e:
if e[0] == errno.EAGAIN:
select.select([sock], [], [])
continue
else:
raise
if not data: # EOF
break
dataList.append(data)
dataLen = len(data)
recvLen += dataLen
length -= dataLen
return ''.join(dataList), recvLen
_recvall = staticmethod(_recvall)
def read(self, sock):
"""Read and decode a Record from a socket."""
try:
header, length = self._recvall(sock, FCGI_HEADER_LEN)
except:
raise EOFError
if length < FCGI_HEADER_LEN:
raise EOFError
self.version, self.type, self.requestId, self.contentLength, \
self.paddingLength = struct.unpack(FCGI_Header, header)
if __debug__: _debug(9, 'read: fd = %d, type = %d, requestId = %d, '
'contentLength = %d' %
(sock.fileno(), self.type, self.requestId,
self.contentLength))
if self.contentLength:
try:
self.contentData, length = self._recvall(sock,
self.contentLength)
except:
raise EOFError
if length < self.contentLength:
raise EOFError
if self.paddingLength:
try:
self._recvall(sock, self.paddingLength)
except:
raise EOFError
def _sendall(sock, data):
"""
Writes data to a socket and does not return until all the data is sent.
"""
length = len(data)
while length:
try:
sent = sock.send(data)
except socket.error, e:
if e[0] == errno.EAGAIN:
select.select([], [sock], [])
continue
else:
raise
data = data[sent:]
length -= sent
_sendall = staticmethod(_sendall)
def write(self, sock):
"""Encode and write a Record to a socket."""
self.paddingLength = -self.contentLength & 7
if __debug__: _debug(9, 'write: fd = %d, type = %d, requestId = %d, '
'contentLength = %d' %
(sock.fileno(), self.type, self.requestId,
self.contentLength))
header = struct.pack(FCGI_Header, self.version, self.type,
self.requestId, self.contentLength,
self.paddingLength)
self._sendall(sock, header)
if self.contentLength:
self._sendall(sock, self.contentData)
if self.paddingLength:
self._sendall(sock, '\x00'*self.paddingLength)
class Request(object):
"""
Represents a single FastCGI request.
These objects are passed to your handler and is the main interface
between your handler and the fcgi module. The methods should not
be called by your handler. However, server, params, stdin, stdout,
stderr, and data are free for your handler's use.
"""
def __init__(self, conn, inputStreamClass):
self._conn = conn
self.server = conn.server
self.params = {}
self.stdin = inputStreamClass(conn)
self.stdout = OutputStream(conn, self, FCGI_STDOUT)
self.stderr = OutputStream(conn, self, FCGI_STDERR, buffered=True)
self.data = inputStreamClass(conn)
def run(self):
"""Runs the handler, flushes the streams, and ends the request."""
try:
protocolStatus, appStatus = self.server.handler(self)
except:
traceback.print_exc(file=self.stderr)
self.stderr.flush()
if not self.stdout.dataWritten:
self.server.error(self)
protocolStatus, appStatus = FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE, 0
if __debug__: _debug(1, 'protocolStatus = %d, appStatus = %d' %
(protocolStatus, appStatus))
self._flush()
self._end(appStatus, protocolStatus)
def _end(self, appStatus=0L, protocolStatus=FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE):
self._conn.end_request(self, appStatus, protocolStatus)
def _flush(self):
self.stdout.close()
self.stderr.close()
class CGIRequest(Request):
"""A normal CGI request disguised as a FastCGI request."""
def __init__(self, server):
# These are normally filled in by Connection.
self.requestId = 1
self.role = FCGI_RESPONDER
self.flags = 0
self.aborted = False
self.server = server
self.params = dict(os.environ)
self.stdin = sys.stdin
self.stdout = StdoutWrapper(sys.stdout) # Oh, the humanity!
self.stderr = sys.stderr
self.data = StringIO.StringIO()
def _end(self, appStatus=0L, protocolStatus=FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE):
sys.exit(appStatus)
def _flush(self):
# Not buffered, do nothing.
pass
class Connection(object):
"""
A Connection with the web server.
Each Connection is associated with a single socket (which is
connected to the web server) and is responsible for handling all
the FastCGI message processing for that socket.
"""
_multiplexed = False
_inputStreamClass = InputStream
def __init__(self, sock, addr, server):
self._sock = sock
self._addr = addr
self.server = server
# Active Requests for this Connection, mapped by request ID.
self._requests = {}
def _cleanupSocket(self):
"""Close the Connection's socket."""
try:
self._sock.shutdown(socket.SHUT_WR)
except:
return
try:
while True:
r, w, e = select.select([self._sock], [], [])
if not r or not self._sock.recv(1024):
break
except:
pass
self._sock.close()
def run(self):
"""Begin processing data from the socket."""
self._keepGoing = True
while self._keepGoing:
try:
self.process_input()
except EOFError:
break
except (select.error, socket.error), e:
if e[0] == errno.EBADF: # Socket was closed by Request.
break
raise
self._cleanupSocket()
def process_input(self):
"""Attempt to read a single Record from the socket and process it."""
# Currently, any children Request threads notify this Connection
# that it is no longer needed by closing the Connection's socket.
# We need to put a timeout on select, otherwise we might get
# stuck in it indefinitely... (I don't like this solution.)
while self._keepGoing:
try:
r, w, e = select.select([self._sock], [], [], 1.0)
except ValueError:
# Sigh. ValueError gets thrown sometimes when passing select
# a closed socket.
raise EOFError
if r: break
if not self._keepGoing:
return
rec = Record()
rec.read(self._sock)
if rec.type == FCGI_GET_VALUES:
self._do_get_values(rec)
elif rec.type == FCGI_BEGIN_REQUEST:
self._do_begin_request(rec)
elif rec.type == FCGI_ABORT_REQUEST:
self._do_abort_request(rec)
elif rec.type == FCGI_PARAMS:
self._do_params(rec)
elif rec.type == FCGI_STDIN:
self._do_stdin(rec)
elif rec.type == FCGI_DATA:
self._do_data(rec)
elif rec.requestId == FCGI_NULL_REQUEST_ID:
self._do_unknown_type(rec)
else:
# Need to complain about this.
pass
def writeRecord(self, rec):
"""
Write a Record to the socket.
"""
rec.write(self._sock)
def end_request(self, req, appStatus=0L,
protocolStatus=FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE, remove=True):
"""
End a Request.
Called by Request objects. An FCGI_END_REQUEST Record is
sent to the web server. If the web server no longer requires
the connection, the socket is closed, thereby ending this
Connection (run() returns).
"""
rec = Record(FCGI_END_REQUEST, req.requestId)
rec.contentData = struct.pack(FCGI_EndRequestBody, appStatus,
protocolStatus)
rec.contentLength = FCGI_EndRequestBody_LEN
self.writeRecord(rec)
if remove:
del self._requests[req.requestId]
if __debug__: _debug(2, 'end_request: flags = %d' % req.flags)
if not (req.flags & FCGI_KEEP_CONN) and not self._requests:
self._cleanupSocket()
self._keepGoing = False
def _do_get_values(self, inrec):
"""Handle an FCGI_GET_VALUES request from the web server."""
outrec = Record(FCGI_GET_VALUES_RESULT)
pos = 0
while pos < inrec.contentLength:
pos, (name, value) = decode_pair(inrec.contentData, pos)
cap = self.server.capability.get(name)
if cap is not None:
outrec.contentData += encode_pair(name, str(cap))
outrec.contentLength = len(outrec.contentData)
self.writeRecord(outrec)
def _do_begin_request(self, inrec):
"""Handle an FCGI_BEGIN_REQUEST from the web server."""
role, flags = struct.unpack(FCGI_BeginRequestBody, inrec.contentData)
req = self.server.request_class(self, self._inputStreamClass)
req.requestId, req.role, req.flags = inrec.requestId, role, flags
req.aborted = False
if not self._multiplexed and self._requests:
# Can't multiplex requests.
self.end_request(req, 0L, FCGI_CANT_MPX_CONN, remove=False)
else:
self._requests[inrec.requestId] = req
def _do_abort_request(self, inrec):
"""
Handle an FCGI_ABORT_REQUEST from the web server.
We just mark a flag in the associated Request.
"""
req = self._requests.get(inrec.requestId)
if req is not None:
req.aborted = True
def _start_request(self, req):
"""Run the request."""
# Not multiplexed, so run it inline.
req.run()
def _do_params(self, inrec):
"""
Handle an FCGI_PARAMS Record.
If the last FCGI_PARAMS Record is received, start the request.
"""
req = self._requests.get(inrec.requestId)
if req is not None:
if inrec.contentLength:
pos = 0
while pos < inrec.contentLength:
pos, (name, value) = decode_pair(inrec.contentData, pos)
req.params[name] = value
else:
self._start_request(req)
def _do_stdin(self, inrec):
"""Handle the FCGI_STDIN stream."""
req = self._requests.get(inrec.requestId)
if req is not None:
req.stdin.add_data(inrec.contentData)
def _do_data(self, inrec):
"""Handle the FCGI_DATA stream."""
req = self._requests.get(inrec.requestId)
if req is not None:
req.data.add_data(inrec.contentData)
def _do_unknown_type(self, inrec):
"""Handle an unknown request type. Respond accordingly."""
outrec = Record(FCGI_UNKNOWN_TYPE)
outrec.contentData = struct.pack(FCGI_UnknownTypeBody, inrec.type)
outrec.contentLength = FCGI_UnknownTypeBody_LEN
self.writeRecord(rec)
class MultiplexedConnection(Connection):
"""
A version of Connection capable of handling multiple requests
simultaneously.
"""
_multiplexed = True
_inputStreamClass = MultiplexedInputStream
def __init__(self, sock, addr, server):
super(MultiplexedConnection, self).__init__(sock, addr, server)
# Used to arbitrate access to self._requests.
lock = threading.RLock()
# Notification is posted everytime a request completes, allowing us
# to quit cleanly.
self._lock = threading.Condition(lock)
def _cleanupSocket(self):
# Wait for any outstanding requests before closing the socket.
self._lock.acquire()
while self._requests:
self._lock.wait()
self._lock.release()
super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._cleanupSocket()
def writeRecord(self, rec):
# Must use locking to prevent intermingling of Records from different
# threads.
self._lock.acquire()
try:
# Probably faster than calling super. ;)
rec.write(self._sock)
finally:
self._lock.release()
def end_request(self, req, appStatus=0L,
protocolStatus=FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE, remove=True):
self._lock.acquire()
try:
super(MultiplexedConnection, self).end_request(req, appStatus,
protocolStatus,
remove)
self._lock.notify()
finally:
self._lock.release()
def _do_begin_request(self, inrec):
self._lock.acquire()
try:
super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._do_begin_request(inrec)
finally:
self._lock.release()
def _do_abort_request(self, inrec):
self._lock.acquire()
try:
super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._do_abort_request(inrec)
finally:
self._lock.release()
def _start_request(self, req):
thread.start_new_thread(req.run, ())
def _do_params(self, inrec):
self._lock.acquire()
try:
super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._do_params(inrec)
finally:
self._lock.release()
def _do_stdin(self, inrec):
self._lock.acquire()
try:
super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._do_stdin(inrec)
finally:
self._lock.release()
def _do_data(self, inrec):
self._lock.acquire()
try:
super(MultiplexedConnection, self)._do_data(inrec)
finally:
self._lock.release()
class Server(object):
"""
The FastCGI server.
Waits for connections from the web server, processing each
request.
If run in a normal CGI context, it will instead instantiate a
CGIRequest and run the handler through there.
"""
request_class = Request
cgirequest_class = CGIRequest
# Limits the size of the InputStream's string buffer to this size + the
# server's maximum Record size. Since the InputStream is not seekable,
# we throw away already-read data once this certain amount has been read.
inputStreamShrinkThreshold = 102400 - 8192
def __init__(self, handler=None, maxwrite=8192, bindAddress=None,
umask=None, multiplexed=False):
"""
handler, if present, must reference a function or method that
takes one argument: a Request object. If handler is not
specified at creation time, Server *must* be subclassed.
(The handler method below is abstract.)
maxwrite is the maximum number of bytes (per Record) to write
to the server. I've noticed mod_fastcgi has a relatively small
receive buffer (8K or so).
bindAddress, if present, must either be a string or a 2-tuple. If
present, run() will open its own listening socket. You would use
this if you wanted to run your application as an 'external' FastCGI
app. (i.e. the webserver would no longer be responsible for starting
your app) If a string, it will be interpreted as a filename and a UNIX
socket will be opened. If a tuple, the first element, a string,
is the interface name/IP to bind to, and the second element (an int)
is the port number.
Set multiplexed to True if you want to handle multiple requests
per connection. Some FastCGI backends (namely mod_fastcgi) don't
multiplex requests at all, so by default this is off (which saves
on thread creation/locking overhead). If threads aren't available,
this keyword is ignored; it's not possible to multiplex requests
at all.
"""
if handler is not None:
self.handler = handler
self.maxwrite = maxwrite
if thread_available:
try:
import resource
# Attempt to glean the maximum number of connections
# from the OS.
maxConns = resource.getrlimit(resource.RLIMIT_NOFILE)[0]
except ImportError:
maxConns = 100 # Just some made up number.
maxReqs = maxConns
if multiplexed:
self._connectionClass = MultiplexedConnection
maxReqs *= 5 # Another made up number.
else:
self._connectionClass = Connection
self.capability = {
FCGI_MAX_CONNS: maxConns,
FCGI_MAX_REQS: maxReqs,
FCGI_MPXS_CONNS: multiplexed and 1 or 0
}
else:
self._connectionClass = Connection
self.capability = {
# If threads aren't available, these are pretty much correct.
FCGI_MAX_CONNS: 1,
FCGI_MAX_REQS: 1,
FCGI_MPXS_CONNS: 0
}
self._bindAddress = bindAddress
self._umask = umask
def _setupSocket(self):
if self._bindAddress is None: # Run as a normal FastCGI?
isFCGI = True
if isFCGI:
sock = socket.fromfd(FCGI_LISTENSOCK_FILENO, socket.AF_INET,
socket.SOCK_STREAM)
try:
sock.getpeername()
except socket.error, e:
if e[0] == errno.ENOTSOCK:
# Not a socket, assume CGI context.
isFCGI = False
elif e[0] != errno.ENOTCONN:
raise
# FastCGI/CGI discrimination is broken on Mac OS X.
# Set the environment variable FCGI_FORCE_CGI to "Y" or "y"
# if you want to run your app as a simple CGI. (You can do
# this with Apache's mod_env [not loaded by default in OS X
# client, ha ha] and the SetEnv directive.)
if not isFCGI or \
os.environ.get('FCGI_FORCE_CGI', 'N').upper().startswith('Y'):
req = self.cgirequest_class(self)
req.run()
sys.exit(0)
else:
# Run as a server
oldUmask = None
if type(self._bindAddress) is str:
# Unix socket
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
try:
os.unlink(self._bindAddress)
except OSError:
pass
if self._umask is not None:
oldUmask = os.umask(self._umask)
else:
# INET socket
assert type(self._bindAddress) is tuple
assert len(self._bindAddress) == 2
sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
sock.bind(self._bindAddress)
sock.listen(socket.SOMAXCONN)
if oldUmask is not None:
os.umask(oldUmask)
return sock
def _cleanupSocket(self, sock):
"""Closes the main socket."""
sock.close()
def _installSignalHandlers(self):
self._oldSIGs = [(x,signal.getsignal(x)) for x in
(signal.SIGHUP, signal.SIGINT, signal.SIGTERM)]
signal.signal(signal.SIGHUP, self._hupHandler)
signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, self._intHandler)
signal.signal(signal.SIGTERM, self._intHandler)
def _restoreSignalHandlers(self):
for signum,handler in self._oldSIGs:
signal.signal(signum, handler)
def _hupHandler(self, signum, frame):
self._hupReceived = True
self._keepGoing = False
def _intHandler(self, signum, frame):
self._keepGoing = False
def run(self, timeout=1.0):
"""
The main loop. Exits on SIGHUP, SIGINT, SIGTERM. Returns True if
SIGHUP was received, False otherwise.
"""
web_server_addrs = os.environ.get('FCGI_WEB_SERVER_ADDRS')
if web_server_addrs is not None:
web_server_addrs = map(lambda x: x.strip(),
web_server_addrs.split(','))
sock = self._setupSocket()
self._keepGoing = True
self._hupReceived = False
# Install signal handlers.
self._installSignalHandlers()
while self._keepGoing:
try:
r, w, e = select.select([sock], [], [], timeout)
except select.error, e:
if e[0] == errno.EINTR:
continue
raise
if r:
try:
clientSock, addr = sock.accept()
except socket.error, e:
if e[0] in (errno.EINTR, errno.EAGAIN):
continue
raise
if web_server_addrs and \
(len(addr) != 2 or addr[0] not in web_server_addrs):
clientSock.close()
continue
# Instantiate a new Connection and begin processing FastCGI
# messages (either in a new thread or this thread).
conn = self._connectionClass(clientSock, addr, self)
thread.start_new_thread(conn.run, ())
self._mainloopPeriodic()
# Restore signal handlers.
self._restoreSignalHandlers()
self._cleanupSocket(sock)
return self._hupReceived
def _mainloopPeriodic(self):
"""
Called with just about each iteration of the main loop. Meant to
be overridden.
"""
pass
def _exit(self, reload=False):
"""
Protected convenience method for subclasses to force an exit. Not
really thread-safe, which is why it isn't public.
"""
if self._keepGoing:
self._keepGoing = False
self._hupReceived = reload
def handler(self, req):
"""
Default handler, which just raises an exception. Unless a handler
is passed at initialization time, this must be implemented by
a subclass.
"""
raise NotImplementedError, self.__class__.__name__ + '.handler'
def error(self, req):
"""
Called by Request if an exception occurs within the handler. May and
should be overridden.
"""
import cgitb
req.stdout.write('Content-Type: text/html\r\n\r\n' +
cgitb.html(sys.exc_info()))
class WSGIServer(Server):
"""
FastCGI server that supports the Web Server Gateway Interface. See
<http://www.python.org/peps/pep-0333.html>.
"""
def __init__(self, application, environ=None, umask=None,
multithreaded=True, **kw):
"""
environ, if present, must be a dictionary-like object. Its
contents will be copied into application's environ. Useful
for passing application-specific variables.
Set multithreaded to False if your application is not MT-safe.
"""
if kw.has_key('handler'):
del kw['handler'] # Doesn't make sense to let this through
super(WSGIServer, self).__init__(**kw)
if environ is None:
environ = {}
self.application = application
self.environ = environ
self.multithreaded = multithreaded
# Used to force single-threadedness
self._app_lock = thread.allocate_lock()
def handler(self, req):
"""Special handler for WSGI."""
if req.role != FCGI_RESPONDER:
return FCGI_UNKNOWN_ROLE, 0
# Mostly taken from example CGI gateway.
environ = req.params
environ.update(self.environ)
environ['wsgi.version'] = (1,0)
environ['wsgi.input'] = req.stdin
if self._bindAddress is None:
stderr = req.stderr
else:
stderr = TeeOutputStream((sys.stderr, req.stderr))
environ['wsgi.errors'] = stderr
environ['wsgi.multithread'] = not isinstance(req, CGIRequest) and \
thread_available and self.multithreaded
# Rationale for the following: If started by the web server
# (self._bindAddress is None) in either FastCGI or CGI mode, the
# possibility of being spawned multiple times simultaneously is quite
# real. And, if started as an external server, multiple copies may be
# spawned for load-balancing/redundancy. (Though I don't think
# mod_fastcgi supports this?)
environ['wsgi.multiprocess'] = True
environ['wsgi.run_once'] = isinstance(req, CGIRequest)
if environ.get('HTTPS', 'off') in ('on', '1'):
environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] = 'https'
else:
environ['wsgi.url_scheme'] = 'http'
self._sanitizeEnv(environ)
headers_set = []
headers_sent = []
result = None
def write(data):
assert type(data) is str, 'write() argument must be string'
assert headers_set, 'write() before start_response()'
if not headers_sent:
status, responseHeaders = headers_sent[:] = headers_set
found = False
for header,value in responseHeaders:
if header.lower() == 'content-length':
found = True
break
if not found and result is not None:
try:
if len(result) == 1:
responseHeaders.append(('Content-Length',
str(len(data))))
except:
pass
s = 'Status: %s\r\n' % status
for header in responseHeaders:
s += '%s: %s\r\n' % header
s += '\r\n'
req.stdout.write(s)
req.stdout.write(data)
req.stdout.flush()
def start_response(status, response_headers, exc_info=None):
if exc_info:
try:
if headers_sent:
# Re-raise if too late
raise exc_info[0], exc_info[1], exc_info[2]
finally:
exc_info = None # avoid dangling circular ref
else:
assert not headers_set, 'Headers already set!'
assert type(status) is str, 'Status must be a string'
assert len(status) >= 4, 'Status must be at least 4 characters'
assert int(status[:3]), 'Status must begin with 3-digit code'
assert status[3] == ' ', 'Status must have a space after code'
assert type(response_headers) is list, 'Headers must be a list'
if __debug__:
for name,val in response_headers:
assert type(name) is str, 'Header names must be strings'
assert type(val) is str, 'Header values must be strings'
headers_set[:] = [status, response_headers]
return write
if not self.multithreaded:
self._app_lock.acquire()
try:
try:
result = self.application(environ, start_response)
try:
for data in result:
if data:
write(data)
if not headers_sent:
write('') # in case body was empty
finally:
if hasattr(result, 'close'):
result.close()
except socket.error, e:
if e[0] != errno.EPIPE:
raise # Don't let EPIPE propagate beyond server
finally:
if not self.multithreaded:
self._app_lock.release()
return FCGI_REQUEST_COMPLETE, 0
def _sanitizeEnv(self, environ):
"""Ensure certain values are present, if required by WSGI."""
if not environ.has_key('SCRIPT_NAME'):
environ['SCRIPT_NAME'] = ''
if not environ.has_key('PATH_INFO'):
environ['PATH_INFO'] = ''
# If any of these are missing, it probably signifies a broken
# server...
for name,default in [('REQUEST_METHOD', 'GET'),
('SERVER_NAME', 'localhost'),
('SERVER_PORT', '80'),
('SERVER_PROTOCOL', 'HTTP/1.0')]:
if not environ.has_key(name):
environ['wsgi.errors'].write('%s: missing FastCGI param %s '
'required by WSGI!\n' %
(self.__class__.__name__, name))
environ[name] = default
if __name__ == '__main__':
def test_app(environ, start_response):
"""Probably not the most efficient example."""
import cgi
start_response('200 OK', [('Content-Type', 'text/html')])
yield '<html><head><title>Hello World!</title></head>\n' \
'<body>\n' \
'<p>Hello World!</p>\n' \
'<table border="1">'
names = environ.keys()
names.sort()
for name in names:
yield '<tr><td>%s</td><td>%s</td></tr>\n' % (
name, cgi.escape(`environ[name]`))
form = cgi.FieldStorage(fp=environ['wsgi.input'], environ=environ,
keep_blank_values=1)
if form.list:
yield '<tr><th colspan="2">Form data</th></tr>'
for field in form.list:
yield '<tr><td>%s</td><td>%s</td></tr>\n' % (
field.name, field.value)
yield '</table>\n' \
'</body></html>\n'
WSGIServer(test_app).run()
